Hacia una definición holística del Bienestar: Integrando conceptualizaciones desde la sociología, la psicología y la economía.

Publicado 2022-05-05 — Actualizado el 2021-12-29
Sección Artículos

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61144/0718-9397.2021.419

Resumen

La investigación científica ha demostrado por más de 50 años, los beneficios de la felicidad y el bienestar para los individuos, las organizaciones, sociedades y el planeta. Sin embargo, actualmente existentes diferencias significativas en la conceptualización y medición del bienestar. Por ejemplo, mientras la sociología se focaliza mayoritariamente en aspectos globales y en las condiciones sociales que afectan el bienestar de las personas, la psicología se centra fuertemente en aspectos individuales, y la economía en aspectos materiales y de ingresos. El principal objetivo de este artículo es discutir la importancia de integrar diferentes perspectivas existentes sobre bienestar. Avanzar en una concepción más holística del bienestar, permitirá ampliar y mejorar la calidad de las políticas públicas que permitan utilizar este indicador para mejorar la calidad de vida de la población. Importantes implicancias  teóricas y prácticas desarrollan este artículo, especialmente centrado en el ámbito educación y el llamado “Proyecto Aula Segura”.

Palabras Claves: bienestar; felicidad; educación; políticas públicas

Biografía del autor/a

Jesús Unanue Manríquez, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

Doctor en Educación y Sociedad (Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile).

Wenceslao Unanue Manríquez, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Psicólogo Clínico (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile). Doctor en Psicología Económica (University of Sussex). 

Citas

Abel, A. B., & Bernanke, B. S. (2005). Macroeconomics 5th edition. In Pearson Education (Issue Fifth edition).

Adler, A., Unanue, W., Osin, E., Ricard, M., Alkire, S., & Seligman, M. (2017). Psychological Wellbeing. In K. Urra (Ed.), Happiness: Transforming the Development Landscape (pp. 60–79).

Álvarez, E. A. M. (2017). Una mirada sociológica en el estudio de la felicidad: en respuesta a Ruut Veenhoven.

Becchetti, L., & Pelloni, A. (2013). What are we learning from the life satisfaction literature? International Review of Economics, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-013-0177-1

Bentham, J. (2008). Los principios de la moral y la legislación. Editorial Claridad.

Blanchflower, D. G., Oswald, A. J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2012). Is Psychological Well-Being Linked to the Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables? Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 785–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0173-y

Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. In American Sociological Review (Aldine, Vol. 35, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.2307/2093340

Bravo, D., Oriol, X., Gómez, M., Cortez, D., & Unanue, W. (2020). The Effects of the 2016 Copa América Centenario Victory on Social Trust, Self-Transcendent Aspirations and Evaluated Subjective Well-Being: The Role of Identity With the National Team and Collective Pride in Major Sport Events. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591498

Cantril, H. (1965). The Pattern of Human Concerns. In The British Journal of Sociology (Vol. 18). New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/588624

Castellanos Cereceda, R. (2012). El bienestar subjetivo como enfoque e instrumento de la política pública: Una revisión analítica de la literatura. Revista Estado, Gobierno y Gestión Pública, 0(20). https://doi.org/10.5354/0717-6759.2012.25862

Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., der Kaap-Deeder, J. Van, Duriez, B., Lens, W., Matos, L., Mouratidis, A., Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M., Soenens, B., Petegem, S. Van, & Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1

Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R. B., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Emotional style and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000077508.57784.DA

Daly, H., & Cobb, J. (1989). Para el bien común: reorientando la economía hacia la comunidad, el ambiente y un futuro sostenible. In Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The Eudaimonic and Hedonic Components of Happiness: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsem, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., & Oishi, S. (2016). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000063

Diener, E., & Tay, L. (2012). A scientific review of the remarkable benefits of happiness for successful and healthy living. Report of the Well-Being Working Group, Royal Government of Bhutan: Report to the United Nations General Assembly, Well-Being and Happiness: A New Development Paradigm. New York: UN.

Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., won Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y

Easterlin, R. A. (2013). Happiness, growth, and public policy. Economic Inquiry, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00505.x

Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2005). Economics language and assumptions: How theories can become self-fulfilling. Academy of Management Review, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2005.15281412

Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2013). World Happiness Report 2013. New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/57573/

Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Health San Francisco.

Kroll, C. (2011). Towards a Sociology of Happiness : Examining Social Capital and Subjective Well-being Across Subgroups of Society. In Political Science (Issue November).

Martela, F., Gómez, M., Unanue, W., Araya, S., Bravo, D., & Espejo, A. (2021). What makes work meaningful? Longitudinal evidence for the importance of autonomy and beneficence for meaningful work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103631

ONU. (2011). Happiness Resolution on happiness and well-being. https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/382052

Repetto, R., Magrath, W., Wells, M., Beer, C., & Rossini, F. (1989). Wasting assets: natural resources in the national income accounts. Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts.

Reyes, V., Unanue, W., Gómez, M., Bravo, D., Unanue, J., Araya-Veliz, C., & Cortez, D. (2021). Dispositional Gratitude as an Underlying Psychological Process Between Materialism and the Satisfaction and Frustration of Basic Psychological Needs: A Longitudinal Mediational Analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00414-0

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 141–166). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. In Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719

SNDP. (2013). Summary Document & Proposed Model: Towards a New Development Paradigm. Retrieved from The Steering Committee for the New Development Paradigm, Royal Government of Bhutan. http://www.newdevelopmentparadigm.bt/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Towards-a-New-Development-Paradigm.pdf

Stiglitz, J. E., & Sen, A. (2009). The Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress Revisited Reflections and Overview. Documents de Travail de LOFCE, 33, 79. https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01069384%0Ahttp://www.ofce.sciences-po.fr/pdf/dtravail/WP2009-33.pdf

Unanue, J., Oriol, X., Oyanedel, J. C., Rubio, A., & Unanue, W. (2021). Gratitude at work prospectively predicts lower workplace materialism: A three-wave longitudinal study in Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073787

Unanue, W. (2017). Subjective Well-being Measures to Inform Public Policies. In K. Urra (Ed.), Happiness: Transforming the Development Landscape (pp. 118–155).

Unanue, W., Barros, E., & Gómez, M. (2021). The longitudinal link between organizational citizenship behaviors and three different models of happiness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126387

Unanue, W., Dittmar, H., Vignoles, V. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2014).

Materialism and Well-being in the UK and Chile: Basic Need Satisfaction and Basic Need Frustration as Underlying Psychological Processes. European Journal of Personality, 28(6), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1954

Unanue, W., Maercovic, P., Weldt, C., & Olguín, E. (2013). Felicidad, bienestar y desempeño organizacional. In M. D, I.-Z. F., & U. Wenceslao (Eds.), La Felicidad: Evidencias y experiencias para cambiar nuestro mundo (pp. 295–320).

Unanue, W., Martínez, D., López, M., & Zamora, L. (2017). The role of subjective well-being in measuring the progress of nations and guiding public policy. Papeles Del Psicologo, 38(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2818

Unanue, W., Oriol, X., Gómez, M., Cortez, D., & Bravo, D. (2020). Feel the Copa América final: Immediate and medium-term effects of major sport events and national football team identification on different components of subjective well-being. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00545-x

Unanue, W., Rempel, K., Gómez, M. E., & den Broeck, A. Van. (2017). When and why does materialism relate to employees’ attitudes and well-being: The mediational role of need satisfaction and need frustration. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(OCT), 1755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01755

Unanue, W., Vignoles, V. L., Dittmar, H., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Life goals predict environmental behavior: Cross-cultural and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.02.001

Veenhoven, R. (2005). Lo que sabemos de la felicidad. La Calidad de Vida y Bienestar Subjetivo En México.

Veenhoven, R. (2008). Sociological Theories of Subjective Well-Being. The Science of Subjective Well-Being: A Tribute to Ed Diener, 44–61.

Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.4.678

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6). https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063

Cómo citar

Unanue Manríquez, J., & Unanue Manríquez, W. (2021). Hacia una definición holística del Bienestar: Integrando conceptualizaciones desde la sociología, la psicología y la economía. Revista Akadèmeia, 20(2), 6–25. https://doi.org/10.61144/0718-9397.2021.419 (Original work published 5 de mayo de 2022)